Differential diagnosis of acute viral hepatitis a, b, c, d. Hepatitis c, a common chronic bloodborne infection, is found in approximately 2 percent of adults in the united. Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory liver condition that most commonly arises from hepatitis a virus hav, hepatitis b virus hbv, hepatitis c virus hcv, hepatitis d virus hdv, and hepatitis e virus hev. Other terms previously used for hav infection include epidemic jaundice, acute catarrhal jaundice, and campaign jaundice. Pdf laboratory diagnosis of viral hepatitis researchgate. This is a significantly higher proportion of positive hepatitis c tests compared to those undertaken in gp surgeries. This digital version of the 20142016 action plan for the prevention, care, and treatment of viral hepatitis originally released in spring 2014 was updated march 2015. This digital version of the 20142016 action plan for the prevention, care, and treatment of viral hepatitisoriginally released in spring 2014 was updated march 2015. You usually get it when you eat or drink something thats got the virus in it. Laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of viral hepatitis.
One important measure to reduce the burden of these infections is the diagnosis of acute and chronic cases of hbv and hcv. The terms used in the algorithms are defined below. Occasionally, acute viral hepatitis progresses to acute liver failure indicating fulminant hepatitis. Centers for disease control and prevention national center for hivaids, viral hepatitis, std, and tb prevention improving hepatitis b and c care cascades. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis a. Hepatitis e is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Viral hepatitis, such as hepatitis a hav, hepatitis b hbv and hepatitis c hcv, is diagnosed by your symptoms, a physical exam and blood tests. Centers for disease control and prevention national center. Chronic hepatitis can lead to complications such as cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer. Early diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis can prevent or lower your chances of developing these complications. Most cases resolve spontaneously, but some progress to chronic hepatitis. He or she will also ask indepth questions about your medical history, including questions on drug use and medications you are taking.
National viral hepatitis action plan 20172020 action plan pdf. The main characteristics of each type of viral hepatitis are summarized in the table below. Clinical guidelines are made available to the public for informational purposes only. Introduction viral hepatitis, refers to infections that affect the liver and are caused by viruses. Viral hepatitis is an infection of the liver caused by. Nov 12, 2015 viral hepatitis b and c virus hbv and hcv are responsible for the most of chronic liver disease worldwide and are transmitted by parenteral route, sexual and vertical transmission.
The severity of symptoms and speed of recovery vary considerably, depending on the particular virus and on the persons response to the infection. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. The most common types of viral hepatitis are a, b, and c. Hepatitis d infection hepatitis d virus is an incomplete small rna virus that needs hbv to survive only occurs in the presence of hbv test for d if suspicion that it might be a cause of disease exacerbation in chronic hepatitis b can occur initially as a coinfection, where it runs the same course as hepatitis b also treated with ifn2. Hepatitis b vaccination and hepatitis b immune because there is a high risk of acquiring hbv from a needlestick injury, health care profession. Good hygiene and universal precautions can prevent acute viral hepatitis. Read more about symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, complications, causes and prognosis. Today, with the introduction of interferonfree directacting antivirals and outstanding progresses in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis c virus hcv infection, the elimination.
Patients with hepatitis b, c and d may later develop chronic liver disease. When considering a viral hepatitis diagnosis, your healthcare provider will conduct a physical exam, looking for symptoms of the disease, such as jaundice or stomach pain. Chronic hepatitis occurs when your body isnt able to fight off the hepatitis virus and the virus does not go away. Hepatitis, a general term referring to inflammation of the liver, may result from various causes, both infectious ie, viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic organisms and noninfectious eg, alcohol, drugs, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic diseases. Consequently, it is of utmost importance to have standard national guidelines that are robust, evidence based, and simple to be followed at the decentralized level. Other infections like cmv,eb virus, coxsackie virus and adeno virus can cause acute hepatitis. Viral hepatitis differential diagnoses medscape reference. This crosssectional study compares the prevalence of diagnosis with chronic hepatitis b infection from a large database of privately insured patients with the. It is a major public health issue in the united states and worldwide. Jun 12, 2017 hepatitis, a general term referring to inflammation of the liver, may result from various causes, both infectious ie, viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic organisms and noninfectious eg, alcohol, drugs, autoimmune diseases, and metabolic diseases. Jaundice fever fatigue loss of appetite nausea vomiting abdominal pain joint pain dark urine claycolored stool diarrhea hav only. Nonviral hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver that can cause scarring on the liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure and death.
Hepatitis d should be considered in any child who experiences alf. This renewed plan maintains the goals set forth in the original action plan. Not only does viral hepatitis carry a high morbidity, but it also stresses medical resources and. Know the hepatitis virus a, b, c, causes, symptoms, phases of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment. Action plan for the prevention, care, and treatment of viral. The prevalence of these viruses varies geographically. Hepatitis a is a common viral illness worldwide, although the inci dence in the united states has diminished in recent years as a result of extended immunization practices. Measuring progress on implementing the viral hepatitis action plan. This means on average 15% of tests resulted in a positive hepatitis c diagnosis. Overview of acute viral hepatitis liver and gallbladder. Suggested citation centers for disease control and prevention. They all affect the liver and have similar symptoms, but transmission and treatments differ.
This means the infection is acquired when a person consumes water or food that has been. It is the most common form of viral hepatitis worldwide. The following outlines the recommended laboratory testing following a known exposure to hepatitis c virus. Information on prevention of viral hepatitis comes from many sources. Ce continuing education i n the united states, the epidemiology of viral hepatitis, most commonly caused by hepatitis a, b, or c viruses, has changed dramatically over the past three decades. Hepatitis a hepatitis a, caused by the hepatitis a virus hav, is also known as infectious hepatitis or shortincubation hepatitis. Diagnosis is by liver function tests and serologic tests to identify the virus.
The most common types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis a, b, and c, although there are other varieties as well. Hepatitis a virus hav and hepatitis e virus hev are important causes of acute viral hepatitis and acute liver failure alf. The diagnosis of hepatitis b virus infection requires the evaluation of the patients blood for hepatitis b surface antigen, hepatitis b surface antibody, and hepatitis b core antibody. This content is provided as a service of the national institute of diabetes. Hepatitis a, a term first introduced by krugman et al. Chronic hepatitis b virus hbv and hepatitis c virus hcv infections and hiv hbv and hcv coinfection are major causes of chronic liver. During the ensuing two decades, serologic assays were established for hbsag and other hbv antigens and antibodies. Early diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis can prevent or. Symptoms of all types of viral hepatitis are similar and can include one or more of the following. In case of acute viral hepatitis your doctor will give suitable medications to give relief from symptoms immediately. Acute viral hepatitis can cause anything from a minor flulike illness to fatal liver failure.
Guidelines for viral hepatitis surveillance and case management ordering information to order a copy of this manual, write to. Hepatitis a is a viral infection of the liver that is transmitted via the fecooral route. Viral hepatitis diagnostic testing is critical for treatment. Low levels of viral hepatitis awareness among health care providers leads to low rates of vaccination and missed opportunities for testing and diagnosis, linkage. Guidelines for viral hepatitis surveillance and case. Overview of acute viral hepatitis hepatic and biliary. Toxic hepatitis is caused by chemicals, drugs prescription and overthecounter and nutritional supplements. With the development of vac cines for hepatitis a and b viruses and the introduc tion of universal precautions and blood supply safety. Symptoms of all types of viral hepatitis are similar and can include one or more of the.
Some types of hepatitis e virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected persons stool. In situations where patients have encountered highrisk exposures, followup with serial laboratory testing is the key to promptly establishing the diagnosis of acute hcv infection. It accounts for about 1,700 of the approximately 7,000 new cases of hepatitis reported in the united states each year. Not only does viral hepatitis carry a high morbidity, but it also stresses medical resources. Viral hepatitis is a type of liver disease that can be caused by several different viruses.
Preliminary diagnosis of viral hepatitis is based on epidemiological anamnesis, finding of the development of the disease, clinical picture with account of peculiarities of the ways of the transmission, duration of incubation period, presence of prejaundice period, presence of typical subjective and objective signs with account of the patients age. The clinical course of acute hepatitis can be divided into different phases according to the clinical manifestations and time. Pdf both serologic and molecular assays are useful in the diagnosis of viral hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis b virus hbv and hepatitis c virus hcv infections and hivhbv and hcv coinfection are major causes of chronic liver. They may detect early infections before other signs of. Not only does viral hepatitis carry a high morbidity, but it also stresses medical resources and can have severe economic consequences. Viral hepatitis b and c virus hbv and hcv are responsible for the most of chronic liver disease worldwide and are transmitted by parenteral route, sexual and vertical transmission. Diff diagnosis of hepatitis tech notes tulip group. The abcs of hepatitis a infection viral hepatitis diagnosis. But the risk of developing chronic hepatitis is low. Hepatitis a viral protein test, hepatitis b surface antigen test or hepatitis b dna test is ordered.
Clinical features asymptomatic forms mild or anicteric forms are the most common, irrespective of the causal virus. Two clinical forms of hepatitis were recognized in 1947 and designated hepatitis a and hepatitis b. Increase the proportion of persons who are aware of their hepatitis b virus hbv infection from 33 percent to 66 percent. Diagnosing viral hepatitis in the community hcv action. Its the least risky type because it almost always gets better on its own. The diagnosis of hepatitis b virus hbv infection was revolutionized by the discovery of australia antigen, now called hepatitis b surface antigen hbsag. However in the case of chronic hepatitis treatment takes a long time. In the united states, the most common types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis a, hepatitis b, and hepatitis c.
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